Emakethe yomhlaba wonke, ukuhlukana ekusebenzeni kungalindelwa - emkhakheni wamapayipi kanye nomugqa wokulawula lokhu kuyitimu esemqoka.Ngempela, ukusebenza kwengxenye engaphansi okuhlobene akuhlukani kuphela ngendawo yezwe kanye nengxenye yemakethe kodwa futhi nangokujula kwamanzi, izinto zokwakha kanye nezimo zemvelo.Isibonelo esibalulekile salokhu kuguquguquka sikhonjiswa ngamazinga ahlukene okukhula kwemakethe okulindeleke ngokwendawo.Ngempela, ngenkathi izimakethe zamanzi angashoni zendabuko zaseNyakatho yoLwandle kanye neGulf of Mexico (GoM) zincipha kancane kancane, izifunda zaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, i-Brazilian kanye ne-Afrika ziya ngokuya ziba namandla .Kodwa-ke, umjikelezo wesikhathi esifushane kulindeleke ukuthi ubone ukukhula okukhulu emikhakheni esemngceleni we-deepwater Norway, i-UK West ye-Shetland kanye ne-Lower Tertiary Trend eGulf of Mexico, nomsebenzi wokushayela emanzini ajulile, aqinile futhi akude kakhulu. lezi zifunda.Kulokhu kubuyekezwa, u-Luke Davis kanye no-Gregory Brown be-Infield Systems babika ngesimo samanje sezimakethe zamapayipi kanye nomugqa wokulawula kanye nokuthi yini izingqapheli zemboni ezingalindela umjikelezo wemakethe wezinguquko.
I-Market Outlook
Eminyakeni emihlanu ezayo i-Infield Systems ibikezela ukusetshenziswa kwepayipi kanye nezindleko zolayini abasondele ku-$270bn mark, okulingana cishe no-80,000km wemigqa lapho u-56,000km kuzoba amapayipi bese kuthi u-24,000km kube yizintambo zokulawula.Ngokuhlangene le mikhakha yomibili kulindeleke ukuthi ibone izinga eliphezulu lokukhula ngemva kokwehla okukhulu phakathi kwezinga eliphezulu lasekuqaleni kuka-2008 kanye nenani eliphansi lika-2009 no-2010. Nokho, naphezu kwalokhu kukhula okulindelekile okuvamile, kubalulekile ukuqaphela umehluko obalulekile endaweni. ukusebenza njengoba izimakethe ezisafufusa ziqala ukwedlula izisekelo zemisebenzi evamile.
Nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwezimali ezifundeni esezikhulile kubikezelwa ukuthi kuzophindeka futhi esikhathini esiseduze, ukukhula kwesikhathi eside kuncane kakhulu uma kubhekwa eceleni kwezinye zezimakethe ezisafufusa.Ngempela, izehlakalo zakamuva eNyakatho Melika, okuhlanganisa nokuwa kwezinkinga zezimali, inhlekelele yaseMacondo kanye nokuncintisana kwegesi ye-shale yasogwini, kuhlangene ukuze kuncishiswe umsebenzi we-E&A wamanzi angashoni kanjalo nokufakwa kweplatifomu namapayipi esifundeni.Kwenzeke isithombe esifanayo e-UK North Sea – nakuba imakethe evilaphayo lapha iqhutshwa kakhulu izinguquko kuhulumeni wesifunda sezimali kanye nobunzima bokuthola isikweletu - isimo esiye sabhebhethekiswa inkinga yezikweletu ezinkulu ku-Eurozone.
Nokho, ngenkathi lezi zifunda ezimbili zendabuko ezingashoni zintenga, i-Infield Systems ilindele ukukhula okukhulu ezimakethe ezisafufusa zaseNyakatho Ntshonalanga Australia, eMpumalanga Afrika nasezingxenyeni ezithile ze-Asia (kuhlanganise nomsebenzi wamanzi ajulile oLwandle LwaseShayina kanye nezigodi zaseKrishna-Godavari ezingasogwini zaseNdiya) kuyilapho. izishoshovu zamanzi ajulile aseNtshonalanga Afrika, iGulf of Mexico kanye neBrazil kufanele ziqhubeke nokunikeza umfutho wesikhathi eside wemakethe.
Izintaba ezihambayo - ukukhula kwemigqa ye-trunk
Yize umkhuba obheke ekufakweni kwamanzi ajulile ngokuya ngokuya ngokuya ushona, futhi yingakho imigqa ye-SURF ehambisana nayo, izoqhubeka nokubamba ukunaka kwemboni, ukufakwa kwamanzi angashoni kulindeleke ukuthi kugcine isabelo semakethe esibalulekile esikhathini esizayo esibonakalayo.Ngempela, cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zokusetshenziswa kwemali enkulu kubikezelwa ukuthi zizoqondiswa entuthukweni engaphansi kwamamitha angama-500 amanzi esikhathini esifika ku-2015. Ngakho-ke, ukufakwa kwamapayipi okuvamile kuyohlanganisa ingxenye enkulu yesidingo esiya phambili - ingxenye enkulu. okubikezelwa ukuthi kuzoqhutshwa ukuthuthukiswa kwamanzi angashoni ngasogwini lwase-Asia.
Isiqu samanzi angashoni kanye nemigqa yokuthekelisa izoba ingxenye ebalulekile yemakethe yamapayipi ebanzi esikhathini esiyiminyaka emihlanu ezayo njengoba lesi sigaba esincane sibikezelwa ukuthi sizokhombisa ukukhula okuqine kakhulu.Umsebenzi ongaphakathi kulo mkhakha ngokomlando ubuqhutshwa ingcindezi kohulumeni kazwelonke kanye neziphathimandla zezifunda zokuthuthukisa ukuvikeleka kwamandla ngokuhlukahluka kwezinto ezisetshenziswa ngama-hydrocarbon.Lawa manethiwekhi amakhulu amapayipi avame ukuncika kakhulu ebudlelwaneni bamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezimo zomnotho omkhulu, ngakho-ke angaba ngaphansi kokulibaziseka ngokulinganayo kanye nokuhlolwa kabusha uma kuqhathaniswa nanoma yimuphi omunye umkhakha wemakethe.
I-Europe inesabelo esikhulu kunazo zonke sengxenye yemakethe ye-offshore kanye ne-trunk line ne-42% yenani lamakhilomitha afakiwe emhlabeni jikelele kanye nokubikezelwa kuka-38% wemali esetshenziswayo ukuya ku-2015. Ngephrofayili eminingi ephezulu kanye namaphrojekthi ayinkimbinkimbi ezigabeni zokuhlela nezokwakha, ikakhulukazi i-Nord. Ukusakaza, ukusetshenziswa kwezimali ezinkulu zaseYurophu kanye nomugqa wokuthekelisa kulindeleke ukuthi kufike ku-$21,000m ethile phakathi nesikhathi sika-2011-2015.
Yaqala ukumenyezelwa ngo-2001, iphrojekthi ye-Nord Stream ixhumanisa i-Vyborg yaseRussia ne-Greifswald eJalimane.Ulayini uyipayipi elide kunawo wonke emhlabeni ongaphansi kolwandle futhi ubude balo ngu-1,224km.Iphrojekthi ye-Nord Stream ibandakanye inqwaba yosonkontileka abahlanganisa i-Royal Boskalis Westminster, i-Tideway, i-Sumitomo, i-Saipem, i-Allseas, i-Technip ne-Snamprogetti phakathi kwabanye abasebenzela i-consortium ehlanganisa i-Gazprom, i-GDF Suez, i-Wintershall, i-Gasunie ne-E.ON Ruhrgas.NgoNovemba 2011 kwamenyezelwa yi-consortium ukuthi imigqa yokuqala yemigqa emibili ixhunywe kugridi yegesi yaseYurophu.Lapho usuqediwe, iphrojekthi enkulu yamapayipi amabili kulindeleke ukuthi inikeze imakethe yaseYurophu elambile amandla ngegesi engama-55 BCM (elingana nama-18% okusetshenziswa enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Europe ka-2010) ngonyaka eminyakeni engama-50 ezayo.I-Nord Stream eceleni, ukutshalwa kwezimali emakethe ye-trunk kanye nomugqa wokuthekelisa kulindeleke ukuthi kukhule kakhulu kulo lonke elase-Asia, kukhuphuke kusuka ku-US$4,000m esikhathini somlando sika-2006-2010 kuya cishe ku-US$6,800m ukuya phambili ngo-2015. Imigqa yeziqu kanye nokuthekelisa esifundeni. ziyinkomba yokukhula okulindelekile kwesidingo samandla kulo lonke elase-Asia.
I-Nord Stream ihlanganisa izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zezokusebenza, zezombusazwe nezobunjiniyela ezihambisana nentuthuko enkulu ye-trunk-line.Ngempela, ngale kobunzima bobuchwepheshe obuhlobene nobunjiniyela bomzila wamapayipi amabili angu-1,224km, i-consortium yentuthuko yanikezwa umsebenzi wokuphatha imithelela yezombangazwe yokusebenzisa umugqa emanzini aseRussia, Finland, Sweden, Denmark kanye neJalimane ngaphezu kokwanelisa izimfuno ze izifundazwe ezithintekile zaseLatvia, Lithuania, Estonia nasePoland.Kwathatha cishe iminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye ukuba lo msebenzi uthole imvume futhi lapho ekugcineni wamukelwa ngo-February 2010, umsebenzi waqala ngokushesha ngo-April ngawo lowo nyaka.I-pipelay ye-Nord Stream izoqedwa ngo-Q3 2012 ngokusetshenziswa komugqa wesibili okuzoqeda enye yezindaba ezihlala njalo ekuthuthukisweni kwengqalasizinda yokuthumela ngaphandle.Ipayipi le-Trans ASEAN iphrojekthi yomugqa we-trunk engase iqhubeke e-Asia futhi ngaleyo ndlela andise ukunikezwa okukhulu kwe-hydrocarbon yaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia ezindaweni ezinothile kancane.
Nakuba leli zinga eliphezulu lomsebenzi likhuthaza ukuthi akuyona inkambiso yesikhathi eside esimeme - kunalokho kuyinkomba yalo mjikelezo emakethe.Ngale kokukhula kwesikhathi esiseduze komsebenzi waseMpumalanga Yurophu I-Infield Systems iphawula isidingo esincane sangemva kuka-2018 njengoba lezi zintuthuko zihlobene kakhulu namaphrojekthi futhi uma sezikhona I-Infield Systems ibona umsebenzi wesikhathi esizayo uqhutshwa imigqa ehambisanayo kunemigqa eyengeziwe eyengeziwe yokuthekelisa. .
Ukugibela i-SURF - Umkhuba wesikhathi eside
Iqhutshwa ukukhiqizwa okuntantayo kanye nobuchwepheshe be-subsea imakethe yamanzi ajulile emhlabeni wonke cishe iwumkhakha okhula ngokushesha embonini kawoyela negesi yasogwini.Ngempela, njengoba izifunda eziningi zasogwini nezingashoni kakhulu zibhekene nokwehla kokukhiqizwa kanye nama-NOC alawula izifunda ezinothile ngezinsizakusebenza njengeMpumalanga Ephakathi, abaqhubi baya ngokuya befuna ukuhlola nokuthuthukisa izindawo ezigcina amanzi ezindaweni ezisemngceleni.Lokhu akwenzeki kuphela ezindaweni ezintathu ze-deepwater "heavyweight" - i-GoM, eNtshonalanga Afrika naseBrazil - kodwa nase-Asia, e-Australasia nase-Europe.
Emakethe ye-SURF umkhuba onjalo ocacile nohlukile obheke emsebenzini okhulayo we-E&P wamanzi ajulile kufanele uhumusheke ekukhuleni kwemakethe okukhulu kule minyaka eyishumi elandelayo nangale kwalokho.Ngempela, i-Infield Systems ibikezela ukukhula okuqinile ngo-2012 njengoba ama-IOC eqhubeka nokuthuthukisa izindawo ezigcina amanzi ajulile eNtshonalanga Afrika kanye ne-US GoM ngenkathi i-Petrobras iqhubekela phambili nokuthuthukiswa kwayo kwezindawo zokugcina usawoti waseBrazil.
Njengoba Umfanekiso wesi-3 ubonisa ngezansi, kunokwehlukana ekusebenzeni kwemakethe phakathi kwezimakethe ze-SURF ezingajulile nezijulile.Impela, ngenkathi imakethe yamanzi angashoni kulindeleke ukuthi ikhombise ukukhula okusesilinganisweni esikhathini esiseduze - inkambiso yesikhathi eside ayinhle kangako.Kodwa-ke, emanzini ajulile, umsebenzi unamandla kakhulu njengoba inani lemali esetshenziswayo kulindeleke ukuthi likhuphuke cishe ngama-56% phakathi kwezikhathi zesikhathi zika-2006-2010 kanye no-2011-2015.
Yize ukuthuthukiswa kwamanzi ajulile ngokungangabazeki kube injini enkulu yokukhula kwemakethe ye-SURF kule minyaka eyishumi edlule ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwezizinda ezikude zikawoyela negesi kuzohlinzeka ngophethiloli owengeziwe emlilweni.Ikakhulukazi, i-subsea tiebacks yamabanga amade isiba yisimo esivamile sokuthuthukiswa kwenkambu njengoba umsebenzi we-R&D owenziwa opharetha kanye nosonkontileka babo beqala ukwenza la maphrojekthi ayinselelo yobuchwepheshe afezeke.Amaphrojekthi akamuva asezingeni eliphezulu ahlanganisa i-Statoil kanye ne-Shell's Ormen Lange development offshore Norway kanye ne-Total's Laggan project offshore UK eNtshonalanga yesifunda sase-Shetland.Eyangaphambili iyi-tieback ende kunazo zonke emhlabeni esukela ngaphansi kolwandle ukuya ogwini ekhiqizayo njengamanje kanti eyakamuva izophula lelo rekhodi futhi ivule imajini ye-Atlantic ukuze kuqhutshekwe nomsebenzi we-E&P uma usuqalile ukusebenza ngo-2014.
Esinye isibonelo esibalulekile salo mkhuba sisekuthuthukisweni kwenkundla ye-deepwater Jansz phesheya kolwandle e-Australia.U-Jansz uyingxenye yephrojekthi ye-Greater Gorgon, okuthe ngokusho kwe-Chevron kuzoba iphrojekthi yensiza enkulu kunazo zonke emlandweni wase-Australia.Le phrojekthi ihilela ukuthuthukiswa kwezinkambu ezimbalwa, ezihlanganisa i-Gorgon ne-Jansz, lapho sezizonke zinenani elilinganiselwe le-40 Tcf.Inani lephrojekthi elilinganiselwe lingama-US$43bn, futhi ukukhiqizwa kokuqala kwe-LNG kulindeleke ngo-2014. Indawo ye-Greater Gorgon itholakala phakathi kuka-130km no-200km ukusuka ogwini lwaseNyakatho Ntshonalanga Australia.Izinkambu zizoxhunywa ngepayipi elingama-70 km, i-38 inch subsea kanye nepayipi elingaphansi kolwandle elingu-180km 38 inch ukuya endaweni ye-LNG e-Barrow Island.Ukusuka eBarrow Island ipayipi elingamakhilomitha angama-90 lizoxhuma indawo nezwekazi lase-Australia.
Ngenkathi intuthuko ye-SURF efana nalezo ezisezingxenyeni eziyinselele kakhulu zoLwandle Olusenyakatho, iBrazil, iNtshonalanga Afrika, i-GoM, i-Asia kanye neNyakatho Ntshonalanga Australia ziqhuba imakethe namuhla, imiphumela ekhuthazayo ye-E&A eMpumalanga Afrika kufanele inikeze ukukhula okwengeziwe ngokuya phansi komugqa.Ngempela, impumelelo yakamuva yokuhlola efana naleyo yase-Windjammer, e-Barquentine nase-Lagosta iqhubekisele phambili amavolumu atholakele ngale komkhawulo (10 Tcf) wesikhungo se-LNG.IMpumalanga Afrika kanye neMozambique ikakhulukazi, manje isibhekwa njenge-Australia yakusasa.U-Anadarko, osebenza e-Windjammer, e-Barquentine nase-Lagosta uhlela ukuthuthukisa lezi ziqiwi ngokusebenzisa i-offshore tie-back endaweni ye-LNG esogwini.Manje sekujoyinwe ukutholwa kuka-Eni eMamba South okwenza iphrojekthi ye-22.5 Tcf okungenzeka ibe khona ekupheleni kweshumi leminyaka.
Ipayipi lamathuba
Ukukhula kwepayipi, ulayini wokulawula futhi, imakethe ebanzi ye-offshore emjikelezweni ozayo kungenzeka ibonakale ngokujula, amaphrojekthi aqinile nakude kakhulu.I-IOC, i-NOC nokubamba iqhaza okuzimele kungenzeka kudale imakethe evundile yezinkontileka zabo bobabili osonkontileka abakhulu kanye nozakwabo bomdabu.Izinga elikhulayo elinjalo lomsebenzi lingase libeke ubunzima obukhulu ochungechungeni lokuhlinzeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengoba isifiso sokutshala izimali esivela ku-opharetha sidlule isikweletu esidingekayo ukuze kutshalwe ezintweni eziyisisekelo zokuhlinzeka: izimboni zokwakha, imikhumbi yokufaka futhi mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu. , onjiniyela bamapayipi.
Nakuba ingqikithi yokukhula iyonke iyinkomba enhle ekukhiqizeni imali esikhathini esizayo, umbono onjalo kufanele uthonywe ukwesaba uchungechunge lokunikezela ngempahla olunamandla anganele wokulawula lokho kukhuphuka.Kuyinkolelo ye-Infield Systems ukuthi ngale kokuthola isikweletu, ukungazinzi kwezepolitiki kanye nokubhalwa kabusha kwemithetho yezempilo nokuphepha okuzayo, usongo olugqame kakhulu ekukhuleni kukonke emakethe ukuntuleka konjiniyela abanekhono emsebenzini .
Ababambiqhaza bemboni kufanele baqaphele ukuthi naphezu kwendaba yokukhula ekhuthazayo, noma yimuphi umsebenzi wesikhathi esizayo ezimakethe zamapayipi kanye nolayini wokulawula uncike ochungechungeni lokuhlinzeka ngosayizi owanele namandla ukuze kusekelwe uhla lwamaphrojekthi ahlelwe yizinhlobonhlobo zabasebenzisi.Naphezu kwalokhu kwesaba imakethe ihlezi emaphethelweni omjikelezo othakazelisayo ngokukhethekile.Njengababukeli bemboni i-Infield Systems izobuka ngokucophelela ezinyangeni ezizayo ilindele ukusimama kwemakethe okubalulekile kusukela ekuncipheni kuka-2009 no-2010.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Apr-27-2022