Ukukhiqizwa Kwawoyela Ezindaweni Zamafutha
Izintambo zokulawula zisebenza kanjani emithonjeni?
Imigqa yokulawula inika amandla ukudluliswa kwamasignali, ivumela ukutholwa kwedatha ye-downhole, nokulawulwa kwezimvume nokwenziwa kusebenze kwamathuluzi omgodi.
Umyalo kanye namasiginali okulawula angathunyelwa ukusuka endaweni engaphezulu kuya ethuluzini lomgodi ophansi emthonjeni.Idatha evela kuzinzwa zemigodi engaphansi ingathunyelwa kumasistimu angaphezulu ukuze ihlolwe noma isetshenziswe ekusebenzeni okuthile komthombo.
Amavalvu okuphepha e-Downhole (ama-DHSV) amavalvu okuphepha angaphansi komhlaba alawulwa phezulu (SCSSV) asebenza ngogesi kusuka kuphaneli yokulawula ngaphezulu.Uma i-hydraulic pressure isetshenziswa phansi komugqa wokulawula, ingcindezi iphoqa umkhono ongaphakathi kwevalvu ukuthi ushelele phansi, uvule ivalvu.Lapho ikhipha umfutho we-hydraulic, i-valve iyavala.
Imigqa ye-downhole hydraulic ye-Meilong Tube isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko njengamapayipi okuxhumana emishini yokudonsa amanzi asebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi kuwoyela, igesi, nemithombo yokujova amanzi, lapho ukuqina nokumelana nezimo ezibucayi kudingeka khona.Le migqa ingalungiselelwa inhlobonhlobo yezinhlelo zokusebenza kanye nezingxenye ze-downhole.
Zonke izinto ezihlanganisiwe zizinzile nge-hydrolytically futhi zihambisana nawo wonke uketshezi olujwayelekile lokuqeda kahle, okuhlanganisa negesi enomfutho ophezulu.Ukukhethwa kwezinto kusekelwe ezimisweni ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa izinga lokushisa elingaphansi kwe-bottomhole, ubulukhuni, amandla aqinile nokudabula, ukumuncwa kwamanzi kanye nokungena kwegesi, i-oxidation, nokuhuzuka kanye nokumelana namakhemikhali.
Imigqa yokulawula ithuthuke kakhulu, okuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kokuchotshozwa kanye nokulingisa kahle kwe-autoclave enengcindezi ephezulu.Ukuhlolwa kokuchotshozwa kwaselabhorethri kubonise ukwanda kokulayisha lapho amashubhu ahlanganisiwe angagcina ubuqotho bokusebenza, ikakhulukazi lapho kusetshenziswa khona “izintambo ezinkulu” zochungechunge lwezintambo.
Zisetshenziswa kuphi izintambo zokulawula?
★ Imithombo ehlakaniphile edinga ukusebenza kanye nezinzuzo zokuphathwa kwedamu lamadivayisi okulawula ukugeleza okude ngenxa yezindleko noma ubungozi bokungenelela noma ukungakwazi ukusekela ingqalasizinda engaphezulu edingekayo endaweni ekude.
★ Umhlaba, inkundla, noma izindawo ezingaphansi kolwandle.
IGeothermal Power Generation
Izinhlobo Zezitshalo
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezitshalo ze-geothermal ezisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ugesi.Uhlobo lwesitshalo lunqunywa ikakhulukazi uhlobo lwesisetshenziswa se-geothermal esizeni.
Okubizwa ngokuthi i-direct steam geothermal plant isetshenziswa lapho umthombo we-geothermal ukhiqiza umusi ngokuqondile emthonjeni.Isitimu, ngemva kokudlula ezihlukanisi (ezisusa isihlabathi esincane nezinhlayiya zamatshe) siphakelwa ku-turbine.Lezi kwakuyizinhlobo zokuqala zezitshalo ezakhiwa e-Italy nase-US Ngeshwa, izinsiza ze-steam ziyivelakancane kuzo zonke izinsiza ze-geothermal futhi zikhona ezindaweni ezimbalwa kuphela emhlabeni.Ngokusobala izitshalo zesitimu bezingeke zisetshenziswe ezinsizeni ezinezinga lokushisa eliphansi.
Izitshalo ze-flash steam zisetshenziswa ezimeni lapho isisetshenziswa se-geothermal sikhiqiza amanzi ashisayo asezingeni eliphezulu noma inhlanganisela yesitimu namanzi ashisayo.Uketshezi oluphuma emthonjeni lulethwa ku-flash tank lapho ingxenye yamanzi ikhanya ibe isitimu futhi iqondiswe ku-turbine.Amanzi asele aqondiswe ekuchithweni (ngokuvamile umjovo).Kuye ngezinga lokushisa lensiza kungase kwenzeke ukusebenzisa izigaba ezimbili zama-flash tanks.Kulokhu, amanzi ahlukaniswe ethangini lesiteji sokuqala aqondiswe ku-flash ithange lesigaba sesibili lapho kuhlukaniswa khona umusi (kodwa umfutho ophansi) ongaphezulu.Amanzi asele ethangini lesiteji sesibili abe eseqondiswa ukulahlwa.Okubizwa ngokuthi i-double flash plant iletha umusi ngezingcindezi ezimbili ezihlukene ku-turbine.Futhi, lolu hlobo lwesitshalo alukwazi ukusetshenziswa ezinsizeni ezisezingeni eliphansi lokushisa.
Uhlobo lwesithathu lwesitshalo samandla ashisayo lubizwa ngokuthi isitshalo kanambambili.Igama lisuselwa eqinisweni lokuthi uketshezi lwesibili emjikelezweni ovaliwe lusetshenziselwa ukusebenzisa i-turbine esikhundleni somusi we-geothermal.Umfanekiso 1 uveza umdwebo owenziwe lula wohlobo lwesitshalo se-geothermal kanambambili.Uketshezi lwe-Geothermal ludluliselwa kusishintshi sokushisa esibizwa ngokuthi i-boiler noma i-vaporizer (kwezinye izitshalo, izishintshi zokushisa ezimbili ochungechungeni lokuqala i-preheater kanye nesesibili i-vaporizer) lapho ukushisa oketshezini lwe-geothermal kudluliselwa oketshezini olusebenzayo olubangela ukuthi lubile. .Uketshezi obelusebenza esikhathini esidlule ezitshalweni kanambambili okushisa okuphansi bekuyiziqandisi ze-CFC (uhlobo lwe-Freon).Imishini yamanje isebenzisa ama-hydrocarbon (i-isobutane, i-pentane njll) eziqandisini zohlobo lwe-HFC ezinoketshezi oluthile olukhethelwe ukufanisa izinga lokushisa lensiza ye-geothermal.
Umfanekiso 1. Isizinda samandla okushisa aphansi kanambambili
Umhwamuko osebenzayo udluliselwa ku-turbine lapho amandla awo aguqulwa abe amandla emishini futhi alethwe, ngokusebenzisa i-shaft kuya kujeneretha.Umhwamuko uphuma ku-turbine uye ku-condenser lapho uguqulwa khona ubuyele oketshezini.Ezitshalweni eziningi, amanzi okupholisa asakazwa phakathi kwe-condenser nombhoshongo wokupholisa ukuze kwenqabe lokhu kushisa emkhathini.Okunye ukusebenzisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “ama-dry coolers” noma izikhoncisi ezipholisa umoya ezenqaba ukushisa ngqo emoyeni ngaphandle kwesidingo samanzi okupholisa.Lo mklamo empeleni uqeda noma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okusetshenziswa yisitshalo ukupholisa.Ukupholisa okomile, ngoba kusebenza emazingeni okushisa aphezulu (ikakhulukazi enkathini ebalulekile yasehlobo) kunemibhoshongo yokupholisa kuholela ekwehleni kwezitshalo ukusebenza kahle.Uketshezi olusebenzayo olusebenzayo olusuka ku-condenser lumpontshelwa emuva ku-preheater/vaporizer yomfutho ophezulu ngephampu yokuphakelayo ukuze kuphinde umjikelezo.
Umjikelezo kanambambili uwuhlobo lwesitshalo esingasetshenziselwa ukushisa okuphansi kwe-geothermal izicelo.Njengamanje, imishini kanambambili engekho eshalofini iyatholakala kumamojula angu-200 kuya ku-1,000 kW.
IZIMFUNDO ZAMANDLA
Izingxenye Zesikhungo Samandla
Inqubo yokukhiqiza ugesi ovela endaweni yokushisa ephansi ye-geothermal (noma kusuka kusitimu endaweni yokuphehla amandla evamile) ibandakanya inqubo onjiniyela ababhekisela kuyo njenge-Rankine Cycle.Embonini yamandla evamile, umjikelezo, njengoba kuboniswe kumfanekiso 1, uhlanganisa ibhayela, i-turbine, ijeneretha, i-condenser, iphampu yamanzi okuphakelayo, umbhoshongo wokupholisa kanye nephampu yamanzi okupholisa.Umusi ukhiqizwa kubhayela ngokushisa uphethiloli (amalahle, uwoyela, igesi noma i-uranium).Isitimu sidluliselwa ku-turbine lapho, ekunwebeni ngokumelene nama-turbine blades, amandla okushisa kusitimu aguqulwa abe amandla emishini abangela ukujikeleza kwe-turbine.Lokhu kunyakaza komshini kudluliselwa, ngokusebenzisa i-shaft ku-generator lapho iguqulwa ibe amandla kagesi.Ngemva kokudlula ku-turbine umusi uguqulwa ubuyele emanzini awuketshezi ku-condenser yesikhungo samandla.Ngenqubo yokufingqa, ukushisa okungasetshenzisiwe yi-turbine kukhishwa emanzini okupholisa.Amanzi okupholisa, ahanjiswa embhoshongweni wokupholisa lapho "ukushisa okungcolile" okuvela emjikelezweni kwenqatshwa emkhathini.I-steam condensate ilethwa kubhayela ngephampu yokuphakelayo ukuze kuphindwe inqubo.
Kafushane, isitshalo samandla siwumjikelezo osiza ukuguqulwa kwamandla ukusuka kwesinye isimo kuye kwesinye.Kulokhu amandla amakhemikhali kuphethiloli aguqulwa abe ukushisa (kubhayela), bese kuba amandla omshini (ku-turbine) futhi ekugcineni abe amandla kagesi (ku-generator).Nakuba okuqukethwe kwamandla omkhiqizo wokugcina, ugesi, kuvame ukuvezwa ngamayunithi ama-watts-amahora noma ama-kilowatt-amahora (amahora angama-watt angu-1000 noma ama-1kW-hr), ukubalwa kokusebenza kwezitshalo kuvame ukwenziwa ngamayunithi we-BTU's.Kuhle ukukhumbula ukuthi i-kilowatt-hora elingu-1 amandla alingana no-3413 BTU.Esinye sezinqumo ezibaluleke kakhulu mayelana nesikhungo sikagesi ukuthi angakanani amandla okufaka (uphethiloli) adingekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe okukhipha ugesi okunikeziwe.
I-Subsea Umbilicals
Imisebenzi Esemqoka
Nikeza amandla adonswa ngamanzi kumasistimu okulawula angaphansi kolwandle, njengokuvula/ukuvala amavalvu
Nikeza amandla kagesi namasignali okulawula kumasistimu okulawula ulwandle olungaphansi kolwandle
Letha amakhemikhali okukhiqiza omjovo ongaphansi kolwandle esihlahleni noma emgodini ophansi
Letha igesi ukuze usebenze ngokuphakamisa igesi
Ukuze ulethe le misebenzi, inkaba yamanzi ajulile ingafaka
Amashubhu omjovo wamakhemikhali
Amashubhu wokuhlinzeka nge-hydraulic
Izintambo zesignali zikagesi
Izintambo zamandla kagesi
Isignali ye-Fiber optic
Amashubhu amakhulu okuphakamisa igesi
I-subsea umbilical inhlanganisela yamapayipi amanzi angaphinda ahlanganise izintambo zikagesi noma imicu optic, esetshenziselwa ukulawula izakhiwo ezingaphansi kolwandle endaweni yesikhulumi esingasogwini noma umkhumbi ontantayo.Iyingxenye ebalulekile yohlelo lokukhiqiza ulwandle olungaphansi kolwandle, ngaphandle kwalokho ukukhiqizwa kwe-petroleum enomnotho okuqhubekayo kungenakwenzeka.
Izingxenye Ezibalulekile
I-Topside Umbilical Termination Assembly (TUTA)
I-Topside Umbilical Termination Assembly (TUTA) inikeza ukuxhumana phakathi kwenkaba eyinhloko kanye nempahla yokulawula ehlangothini eliphezulu.Iyunithi iyindawo yokuma yamahhala engaboshelwa ngebhawudi noma ishiselwe endaweni eseduze nendawo yokulengela inkaba endaweni esobala eyingozi phakathi nendawo engaphezulu.Lawa mayunithi ngokuvamile enzelwe izidingo zamakhasimende ngombono we-hydraulic, pneumatic, amandla, isignali, i-fiber optic, kanye nokukhetha kwezinto ezibonakalayo.
I-TUTA ivamise ukufaka amabhokisi okuxhumanisa kagesi amandla kagesi nezintambo zokuxhumana, kanye nomsebenzi weshubhu, amageji, namavalvu okuvimba nawopha izinto ezifanele ezisebenza ngogesi namakhemikhali.
(Subsea) Umbilical Termination Assembly (UTA)
I-UTA, ehlezi phezu kodaka lodaka, iyisistimu ye-electro-hydraulic ene-plexed eminingi ivumela amamojula amaningi okulawula i-subsea ukuthi axhunywe emithonjeni efanayo yokuxhumana, kagesi kanye ne-hydraulic supply.Umphumela uba ukuthi imithombo eminingi ingalawulwa ngenkaba eyodwa.Kusukela ku-UTA, ukuxhumeka emithonjeni ngayinye kanye nama-SCM kwenziwa ngemihlangano ye-jumper.
I-Steel Flying Leads (SFL)
Imikhombandlela endizayo ihlinzeka ngoxhumano lukagesi/uhydraulic/amakhemikhali ukusuka e-UTA kuya ezihlahleni ngazinye/amaphodi okulawula.Bayingxenye yohlelo lokusabalalisa ngaphansi kolwandle olusabalalisa ukusebenza kwenkaba kuzinhloso zabo zesevisi ezihlosiwe.Ngokuvamile zifakwa ngemva kwenkaba futhi zixhunywe yi-ROV.
I-Umbilical Materials
Ngokuya ngezinhlobo zohlelo, izinto ezilandelayo ziyatholakala:
I-Thermoplastic
Izinzuzo: Ishibhile, ilethwa ngokushesha, futhi imelana nokukhathala
Ububi: Ayifanele amanzi ajulile;inkinga yokuhambisana kwamakhemikhali;ukuguga, njll.
I-Zinc ehlanganiswe ne-Nitronic 19D duplex yensimbi engagqwali
Okuhle:
Izindleko eziphansi uma ziqhathaniswa ne-super duplex stainless steel (SDSS)
Amandla okukhiqiza aphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa no-316L
Ukumelana nokugqwala kwangaphakathi
Ihambisana nesevisi ye-hydraulic kanye neningi lomjovo wamakhemikhali
Ifanelekele isevisi eguqukayo
Ububi:
Kudingeka ukuvikelwa kokugqwala kwangaphandle - i-zinc extruded
Ukukhathazeka ngokuthembeka kwama-seam welds ngosayizi abathile
Amashubhu asindayo futhi makhulu kune-SDSS efanayo - hang off kanye nokukhathazeka ngokufaka
Insimbi Engagqwali 316L
Okuhle:
Izindleko eziphansi
Idinga ukuvikelwa kwe-cathodic okuncane noma akukho nhlobo isikhathi esifushane
Amandla esivuno esiphansi
Ukuncintisana ne-thermoplastic yokucindezela okuphansi, ama-tiebacks amanzi angajulile - ishibhile impilo yensimu emfushane
Ububi:
Ayifanelekeli isevisi eguqukayo
i-chloride pitting iyathinteka
I-Super Duplex Stainless Steel (I-Pitting Resistance Equivalent - PRE >40)
Okuhle:
Amandla aphezulu asho ububanzi obuncane, isisindo esincane sokufakwa kanye nokulenga.
Ukumelana okuphezulu nokuqhekeka kokugqwala kwengcindezi ezindaweni ze-chloride (ukumelana nomgodi okulingana > 40) kusho ukuthi akukho ukunamathela noma i-CP edingekayo.
Inqubo yokukhipha isho ukuthi awekho ama-seam weld okunzima ukuwahlola.
Ububi:
Ukwakhiwa kwesigaba se-Inter-metallic (sigma) ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza nokushisela kufanele kulawulwe.
Izindleko eziphezulu, izikhathi zokuhola ezinde kakhulu zezinsimbi ezisetshenziselwa amashubhu enkaba
I-Zinc coated carbon steel (ZCCS)
Okuhle:
Izindleko eziphansi uma ziqhathaniswa ne-SDSS
Ifanelekele isevisi eguqukayo
Ububi:
Umthungo ushiselwe
Ukumelana nokugqwala okungaphansi kwe-19D
I-diameter enzima futhi enkulu uma iqhathaniswa ne-SDSS
Ukugunyazwa kwe-umbilical
Ama-umbilicals asanda kufakwa ngokuvamile anoketshezi lokugcina kuwo.Uketshezi olugcinwayo kumele lukhishwe yimikhiqizo ehlosiwe ngaphambi kokuthi lusetshenziselwe ukukhiqizwa.Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuze kubhekwe izinkinga ezingase zingasebenzi ezingase zibangele imvula futhi ibangele ukuthi amashubhu enkaba axhunywe.Kudingeka uketshezi lwebhafa olufanele uma ukungalingani kulindeleke.Isibonelo, ukuze ukhiphe ulayini we-asphaltene inhibitor, isincibilikisi esifana ne-EGMBE siyadingeka ukuze kuhlinzekwe ibhafa phakathi kwe-asphaltene inhibitor noketshezi lwesitoreji njengoba ngokuvamile azihambelani.