I-Subsurface-Controlled Subsurface Safety Valve (SCSSV)

Ulayini Wokulawula

Ulayini we-hydraulic wobubanzi obuncane obusetshenziselwa ukusebenzisa imishini yokuqedela imigodi engaphansi njengevalvu yokuphepha engaphansi komhlaba elawulwa ngaphezulu (SCSSV).Amasistimu amaningi asebenza ngomugqa wokulawula asebenza ngokuhluleka ukuphepha.Kule modi, ulayini wokulawula uhlala ucindezelwe ngaso sonke isikhathi.Noma yikuphi ukuvuza noma ukwehluleka kuholela ekulahlekelweni kwengcindezi yolayini wokulawula, okusebenza ukuvala ivalvu yokuphepha nokwenza umthombo uphephe.

I-Subsurface-Controlled Subsurface Safety Valve (SCSSV)

I-valve yokuphepha ye-downhole esebenza kusuka ezindaweni ezingaphezulu ngomugqa wokulawula oboshelwe endaweni yangaphandle yeshubhu lokukhiqiza.Izinhlobo ezimbili eziyisisekelo ze-SCSV zivamile: ulayini obuyiselekayo, lapho izingxenye zevalvu yokuphepha eziyinhloko zingasetshenzwa futhi zilandwe ku-slickline, kanye neshubhu elikhiphekayo, lapho lonke ukuhlanganiswa kwe-valve yezokuphepha kufakwa khona ngentambo yeshubhu.Uhlelo lokulawula lusebenza kumodi ehlulekayo, ngokucindezela kokulawula kwe-hydraulic okusetshenziselwa ukubamba ukuvula ibhola noma umhlangano we-flapper ozovala uma ukucindezela kokulawula kulahleka.

I-Downhole Safety Valve (Dsv)

Ithuluzi lomgodi elihlukanisa umfutho we-wellbore kanye noketshezi esimweni esiphuthumayo noma ukwehluleka okuyinhlekelele kwezinto zokusebenza ezingaphezulu.Amasistimu okulawula ahlotshaniswa namavalvu okuphepha ngokuvamile asethwa kumodi yokwehluleka, njengokuthi noma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka noma ukungasebenzi kahle kohlelo kuzoholela ekuvaleni kwevalvu yokuphepha ukuze umthombo uphephe.Amavalvu okuphepha emigodini ephansi afakwe cishe kuyo yonke imithombo futhi ngokuvamile angaphansi kwezidingo eziqinile zomthetho wendawo noma wesifunda.

Uchungechunge Lokukhiqiza

Umgudu oyinhloko lapho uketshezi lwe-reservoir kukhiqizwa khona ukuze ludlule.Iyunithi yezinhlamvu yokukhiqiza ngokuvamile ihlanganiswa ne-tubing nezingxenye zokuqedela ekucushweni okuvumelana nezimo zomthombo kanye nendlela yokukhiqiza.Umsebenzi obalulekile wentambo yokukhiqiza ukuvikela amashubhu omthombo oyinhloko, okuhlanganisa i-casing kanye ne-liner, ekugqwaleni noma ekugugulekeni uketshezi lwe-reservoir.

I-Subsurface Safety Valve (Sssv)

Idivayisi yokuphepha efakwe kumthombo ongaphezulu ukuze kuhlinzekwe ukuvala okuphuthumayo kwemigudu ekhiqizayo uma kunesimo esiphuthumayo.Izinhlobo ezimbili ze-valve yokuphepha engaphansi komhlaba ziyatholakala: elawulwa phezulu kanye ne-subsurface elawulwayo.Esimeni ngasinye, isistimu ye-valve yokuphepha iklanyelwe ukuthi ingaphumeleli, ukuze umthombo womthombo ubekwe wodwa uma kwenzeka noma yikuphi ukwehluleka kwesistimu noma umonakalo endaweni yokulawula ukukhiqiza ngaphezulu.

Ingcindezi:Amandla asakazwa endaweni, ngokuvamile akalwa ngamandla amaphawundi ngeyintshi yesikwele, noma i-lbf/in2, noma i-psi, kumayunithi enkundla kawoyela yase-US.Iyunithi yemethrikhi yamandla yi-pascal (Pa), nokuhluka kwayo: i-megapascal (MPa) ne-kilopascal (kPa).

Production Tubing

I-wellbore tubular esetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza uketshezi lwe-reservoir.Amashubhu okukhiqiza ahlanganiswa nezinye izingxenye zokuqedela ukwenza iyunithi yezinhlamvu zokukhiqiza.Amashubhu okukhiqiza akhethelwe noma yikuphi ukuqedwa kufanele ahambisane nejiyomethri ye-wellbore, izici zokukhiqiza ichibi kanye noketshezi lwe-reservoir.

Isikhwama

Ipayipi elinobubanzi obukhulu lehliselwa emgodini ovulekile futhi lifakwe usimende endaweni yalo.Umklami womthombo kufanele aklame i-casing ukuze imelane namandla ahlukahlukene, njengokuwohloka, ukuqhuma, nokwehluleka ukuqina, kanye namanzi anamanzi anamandla amakhemikhali.Amajoyinti amaningi e-casing akhiwa anemicu yesilisa ekugcineni, futhi ama-coupling e-casing abude obufushane anemicu yabesifazane asetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa amalunga e-casing ndawonye, ​​noma amajoyinti e-casing angenziwa ngentambo yesilisa ekugcineni kanye nemicu yesifazane okunye.I-Casing isetshenziswa ukuze kuvikelwe ukwakheka kwamanzi ahlanzekile, ukuhlukanisa indawo yezimbuyiselo ezilahlekile, noma ukuhlukanisa ukwakheka okunama-gradients okucindezela ahluke kakhulu.Ukusebenza lapho i-casing ifakwa khona emgodini ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi "ipayipi eligijima."I-Casing ngokuvamile ikhiqizwa nge-plain carbon steel efakwa ngokushisa ibe namandla ahlukahlukene kodwa ingase yenziwe ngokukhethekile ngensimbi engagqwali, i-aluminium, i-titanium, i-fiberglass, nezinye izinto.

Ipaki Yokukhiqiza:Idivayisi esetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa i-annulus nokumisa ihange noma ukuvikela phansi kweyunithi yezinhlamvu yeshubhu yokukhiqiza.Izinhlobonhlobo zemiklamo yokupakisha yokukhiqiza iyatholakala ukuze ifanele i-geometry ye-wellbore nezici zokukhiqiza zamanzi echibi.

I-Hydraulic Packer:Uhlobo lwesipakishi olusetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokukhiqiza.Isipakishi se-hydraulic ngokuvamile sisethwa kusetshenziswa ingcindezi ye-hydraulic esetshenziswa ngentambo yeshubhu kunokuba amandla omshini asetshenziswa ngokushintsha intambo yeshubhu.

Sealbore Packer

Uhlobo lwamapaki okukhiqiza oluhlanganisa i-sealbore eyamukela ukuhlanganisa uphawu olufakwe phansi kweshubhu lokukhiqiza.Ipaki ye-sealbore ivamise ukusethwa kulayini wezintambo ukuze inike amandla ukuxhumanisa ukujula okunembile.Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza lapho kulindeleke khona ukunyakaza kwamashubhu okukhulu, njengoba kungase kube ngenxa yokwanda okushisayo, isipakishi se-sealbore nomsebenzi wokuhlanganisa uphawu njengelunga lokushelela.

I-Casing Joint:Ubude bepayipi lensimbi, ngokuvamile elicishe libe ngamamitha angu-13 ubude linoxhumano olunentambo ekugcineni ngakunye.Amajoyinti e-Casing ahlanganiswa ukuze akhe intambo ye-casing yobude obulungile kanye nokucaciswa komthombo ofakwe kuwo.

Ibanga le-Casing

Uhlelo lokuhlonza kanye nokuhlukanisa amandla ezinto ze-casing.Njengoba inqwaba ye-oilfield casing icishe ifane nekhemistri efanayo (imvamisa eyinsimbi) futhi ihluka kuphela ekuphathweni kokushisa okusetshenziswayo, isistimu yokugreda ihlinzeka ngamandla ajwayelekile ekesi ukuthi akhiqizwe futhi asetshenziswe emithonjeni yemithombo.Ingxenye yokuqala ye-nomenclature, incwadi, ibhekisela emandleni aqinile.Ingxenye yesibili yegama, inombolo, ibhekisela emandleni amancane okukhiqiza ensimbi (ngemuva kokwelashwa kokushisa) ku-1,000 psi [6895 KPa].Isibonelo, i-casing grade J-55 inamandla amancane esivuno angu-55,000 psi [379,211 KPa].Ibanga le-casing P-110 liqoka ipayipi lamandla aphezulu elinamandla amancane okukhiqiza angu-110,000 psi [758,422 KPa].Ibanga le-casing casing elifanele lanoma yiluphi uhlelo lokusebenza ngokuvamile lisekelwe kungcindezi kanye nezidingo zokugqwala.Njengoba umklami womthombo ekhathazekile ngokuphuma kwepayipi ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene zokulayisha, ibanga le-casing inombolo esetshenziswa ezibalweni eziningi.Izinto zokuhlanganisa eziqine kakhulu zibiza kakhulu, ngakho-ke intambo ye-casing ingase ihlanganise amamaki e-casing amabili noma ngaphezulu ukuze kuthuthukiswe izindleko kuyilapho igcina ukusebenza okwanele kokusebenza ngobude bentambo.Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi, ngokuvamile, lapho amandla esivuno ephakama, i-casing esengozini kakhulu ukuqhekeka kwe-sulfide stress (ukuqhekeka kwe-H2S-induced).Ngakho-ke, uma i-H2S ilindelwe, umklami womthombo angase angakwazi ukusebenzisa amashubhu ngamandla aphakeme ngendlela angathanda ngayo.

Okuhlanganyelwe: Indawo yokuphuka, ukuqhekeka noma ukuhlukana phakathi kwedwala lapho kungazange kube khona ukunyakaza okuhambisana nendiza echazayo.Ukusetshenziswa kwabanye ababhali kungacaciswa kakhudlwana: Uma izindonga zokuqhekeka zihamba ngendlela evamile komunye nomunye, ukuphuka kubizwa ngokuthi ijoyinti.

I-Slip Joint: Ijoyinti le-telescoping phezulu ekusebenzeni okuntantayo ogwini elivumela ukuphakama komkhumbi (ukunyakaza okuqondile) ngenkathi igcina ipayipi elikhuphukayo ukuya phansi olwandle.Njengoba umkhumbi uzulazula, izibonakude ezihlangene zishibilika zingene noma ziphume ngenani elifanayo ukuze isikhuphukeli esingaphansi kwelunga lokushelela singathintwa ukunyakaza komkhumbi.

I-Wireline: Ihlobene nanoma iyiphi ingxenye yokugawulwa kwemithi esebenzisa intambo kagesi ukwehlisa amathuluzi emgodini kanye nokudlulisa idatha.Ukugawulwa kwezintambo ngocingo kuhlukile kuzilinganiso-ngesikhathi sokumba (MWD) nokugawulwa kodaka.

I-Drilling Riser: Ipayipi lobubanzi obukhulu elixhuma isitaki se-BOP esingaphansi kolwandle endaweni entantayo ukuze ithathe udaka lubuyele phezulu.Ngaphandle kwesikhuphukeli, udaka lwaluvele luchitheke luphume phezulu lwenqwaba luwele phansi olwandle.Isikhuphukeli singase sibhekwe ngokukhululekile njengesandiso sesikhashana somthombo ongaphezulu.

I-BOP

Ivalvu enkulu phezulu komthombo engase ivalwe uma izisebenzi ezimbayo zilahlekelwa ukulawula uketshezi olubunjwayo.Ngokuvala le valve (evame ukusetshenziswa ukude ngama-hydraulic actuators), izisebenzi zokumba ngokuvamile ziphinde zilawule indawo yokugcina amanzi, bese kuqalwa izinqubo zokwandisa ukuminyana kodaka kuze kube yilapho kungenzeka ukuvula i-BOP nokugcina ukulawula ukucindezela kokubunjwa.

Ama-BOP eza ngezitayela ezahlukene, osayizi, nezilinganiso zokucindezela.

Ezinye zingavala ngempumelelo phezu komthombo ovulekile.

Ezinye zenzelwe ukuvala izingxenye ze-tubular emthonjeni (i-drillpipe, i-casing, noma ishubhu).

Ezinye zifakelwe izindawo zokugunda eziqinile ezikwazi ukusika ngombhobho wokubhoboza.

Ngenxa yokuthi ama-BOP abaluleke kakhulu ekuphepheni kwezisebenzi, umshini wokuthunga, kanye nomthombo ngokwawo, ama-BOP ayahlolwa, ahlolwe, futhi avuselelwe ngezikhathi ezithile ezinqunywa inhlanganisela yokuhlola ubungozi, umkhuba wendawo, uhlobo lwemithombo, nezimfuneko zomthetho.Ukuhlolwa kwe-BOP kuyahluka kusukela ekuhlolweni kokusebenza kwansuku zonke emithonjeni ebalulekile kuye kokuhlolwa kwanyanga zonke noma okungajwayelekile emithonjeni okucatshangwa ukuthi kunamathuba aphansi ezinkinga zokulawula umthombo.

Amandla Okuqina: Amandla ngeyunithi ngayinye yendawo enqamulayo edingekayo ukuze kuhlukaniswe into.

Isivuno: Ivolumu ethathwe isaka elilodwa likasimende owomile ngemva kokuxutshwa namanzi kanye nezithasiselo ukuze kwakheke ukuminyana okufiswayo.Isivuno sivamise ukuvezwa ngamayunithi ase-US njengama-cubic feet esakeni ngalinye (ft3/sk).

I-Sulfidi Stress Cracking

Uhlobo lokuhluleka okuzenzakalelayo kokuphuka kwezinsimbi namanye ama-alloy anamandla aphezulu lapho ethintana ne-hydrogen sulfide emanzi nezinye izindawo ezine-sulfidic.Amajoyinti amathuluzi, izingxenye eziqinile zezivimbeli zokuvuthela kanye nokunqunywa kwe-valve kusengozini kakhulu.Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kanye nobungozi bobuthi begesi ye-hydrogen sulfide, kubalulekile ukuthi udaka lwamanzi lugcinwe lungenawo ama-soluble sulfide ikakhulukazi i-hydrogen sulfide ene-pH ephansi.Ukuqhekeka kokucindezeleka kwe-sulfide kubizwa nangokuthi ukuqhekeka kwe-hydrogen sulfide, ukuqhekeka kwe-sulfide, ukuqhekeka kwe-sulfide corrosion kanye nokuqhekeka kwe-sulfide-stress-corrosion cracking.Ukuhluka kwegama kungenxa yokuntuleka kwesivumelwano endleleni yokwehluleka.Abanye abacwaningi babheka i-sulfide-stress cracking uhlobo lokuqhekeka kwe-stress-corrosion, kuyilapho abanye bakubheka njengohlobo lwe-hydrogen embrittlement.

I-Hydrogen sulfide

[H2S] Igesi enobuthi obungavamile enefomula yamangqamuzana ye-H2S.Emazingeni aphansi, i-H2S inephunga lamaqanda abolile, kodwa lapho izinga eliphakeme, elibulalayo, alinaphunga.I-H2S iyingozi kubasebenzi futhi imizuzwana embalwa yokuchayeka endaweni ephansi kakhulu ingaba yingozi, kodwa ukuchayeka ekugxiliseni okuphansi nakho kungaba yingozi.Umthelela we-H2S uncike esikhathini, imvamisa namandla okuchayeka kanye nokuba sengozini yomuntu ngamunye.IHydrogen sulfide iyingozi enkulu futhi engase ibe yingozi, ngakho ukuqaphela, ukutholwa nokuqapha kwe-H2S kubalulekile.Njengoba igesi ye-hydrogen sulfide ikhona kwezinye izakhiwo ezingaphansi komhlaba, ukumba nezinye izisebenzi ezisebenzayo kufanele zilungiselelwe ukusebenzisa imishini yokuthola, izinto zokuzivikela, ukuqeqeshwa okufanele kanye nezinqubo zezimo eziphuthumayo ezindaweni ezivame kakhulu i-H2S.IHydrogen sulfide ikhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokubola kwezinto eziphilayo futhi yenzeka ngama-hydrocarbons kwezinye izindawo.Ingena ibhoboza udaka isuka ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba futhi ingabuye yenziwe ngamagciwane anciphisa isulfate odakeni olugciniwe.I-H2S ingabangela ukuqhekeka kwe-sulfide-stress-corrosion of metal.Ngenxa yokuthi konakala, ukukhiqizwa kwe-H2S kungase kudinge okokusebenza okukhethekile okumba eqolo njengamashubhu ensimbi engagqwali.Ama-sulfide angenwa imvula ngokungenabungozi odakeni lwamanzi noma odakeni lukawoyela ngokwelashwa nge-scavenger efanele ye-sulfide.I-H2S iyi-asidi ebuthakathaka, inikela ngama-ion amabili e-hydrogen ekuphenduleni kokungathathi hlangothi, kwakha ama-ions e-HS- kanye ne-S-2.Odakeni lwamanzi noma olusekelwe emanzini, izinhlobo ezintathu ze-sulfide, i-H2S ne-HS- kanye ne-S-2 ions, zisekulinganisweni okuguquguqukayo namanzi kanye ne-H+ kanye ne-OH-ion.Ukusatshalaliswa kwephesenti phakathi kwezinhlobo ezintathu ze-sulfide kuncike ku-pH.I-H2S ibusa nge-pH ephansi, i-HS-ion ibusa phakathi nebanga le-pH futhi ama-ion ama-S2 abusa nge-pH ephezulu.Kulesi simo sokulingana, ama-ion e-sulfide abuyela ku-H2S uma i-pH iwa.Ama-sulfide odakeni lwamanzi nodaka lukawoyela angalinganiswa ngobuningi ngeSitimela Segesi saseGarrett ngokuvumelana nezinqubo ezibekwe yi-API.

I-Casing String

Ubude obuhlanganisiwe bepayipi lensimbi elilungiselelwe ukufanela umthombo othile.Izingxenye zamapayipi zixhunywe futhi zehliselwa emthonjeni, bese zifakwe usimende endaweni.Amajoyinti amapayipi ngokuvamile acishe abe amamitha angu-12 ubude, iduna licushwe ekugcineni ngalinye futhi lixhunywe ngobude obufushane bepayipi elinemicu yabesifazane ababili elibizwa ngokuthi ama-coupling.Izintambo zamacasing ezinde zingadinga izinto zamandla aphezulu engxenyeni engenhla yentambo ukuze zimelane nomthwalo wentambo.Izingxenye ezingezansi zentambo zingase zihlanganiswe nge-casing yobukhulu obukhulu bodonga ukuze zimelane nezingcindezi ezinkulu ezingaba khona ekujuleni.I-casing isetshenziswa ukuze kuvikelwe noma kuhlukanise ukwakheka okuncikene nomthombo.