Ukulawula Ukugqwala Kumapayipi Kawoyela Negesi
Emazweni ahlukene, kusetshenziswa imithombo ehlukene yamandla, njengamafutha, igesi yemvelo, izinsalela zamathambo namafutha.Uwoyela negesi yimithombo ehamba phambili yamandla okukhiqiza nokusekela impilo e-United States nasemhlabeni wonke.Njenganoma yimuphi omunye umkhiqizo, kunesidingo sokuthuthukisa ukusatshalaliswa kahle kukawoyela negesi kusuka ezikhungweni zokukhiqiza kuya kubasebenzisi abahlukene ngokusebenzisa abaxhumanisi (uma bekhona).Kulokhu, ukusatshalaliswa okusebenzayo kwakho kokubili uwoyela kanye negesi kubasebenzisi kuqinisekisa ukuthi baphephile.Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqinisekisa ukuthi izimboni zamandla ziphephile, njengoba noma yikuphi ukuvuza okungase kwenzeke kuyatholwa futhi kuvinjwe ngokushesha.Ngenxa yalokho, ukungcoliswa kwemvelo kuyancishiswa.Imithombo ehlukene yamandla idinga ukuthuthwa ukusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye, okusho ukuthi ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza kufanele kubhekwe ngesikhathi senqubo.Isibonelo, uwoyela ongahluziwe kufanele uthuthwe usuka lapho ukhiqizwa khona noma lapho uvela khona uyiswe ezindaweni zokuhluzwa uwoyela futhi usuke ezindaweni okuhluzwa kuzo uwoyela uye kubasebenzisi bokugcina.Ngakho-ke, kunesidingo sokuklama indlela efanele yokuthutha uwoyela negesi isuka ezikhungweni zokukhiqiza iye ezindaweni zokuhluza futhi isuke ezindaweni zokuhluza iye kubasebenzisi.Ubuchwepheshe bepayipi likawoyela negesi buyindlela enkulu yokuthutha esetshenziswa ukuthutha uwoyela negesi e-United States of America.Imikhakha eyahlukene yomnotho womhlaba isithuthukile, ngakho umkhakha wezamandla awuhlukile.Ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa kulo mkhakha bebulokhu bukhula kakhulu, obuzungeza isidingo sokuthuthukisa ukuphepha kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamapayipi kawoyela negesi.Lezi ntuthuko zenze uhlelo lwasebenza kahle kakhulu ekuthuthweni kukawoyela negesi ezindaweni ezahlukene.
Izinhlobo Zepayipi Lamafutha Negesi
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, izinhlobo zamapayipi kawoyela negesi zincike endaweni yokuthutha kanye nento engaphansi kokuhamba.Ukuqoqa olayini bezokuthutha imikhiqizo ebangeni elifushane.Asetshenziswa kakhulu ekuthutheni uwoyela ongahluziwe kanye negesi yemvelo ukusuka ezindaweni zokukhiqiza kuya ezindaweni zokuhluza.Imigqa yokuqoqa mifushane ngoba ibandakanya ukuthuthwa kukawoyela ongahluziwe kanye negesi yemvelo isuka ezikhungweni zokukhiqiza iye ezindaweni zokuhluza (Kennedy, 1993).Izintambo eziphakelayo ziyabandakanyeka ekuthuthweni kukawoyela negesi ukusuka ezindaweni ezihluzwayo ukuya ezindaweni zokugcina noma ukuxhuma uwoyela ocolisisiwe kanye negesi kumapayipi amabanga amade (Kennedy, 1993).Ngakho-ke, le migqa ihlanganisa amabanga amafushane uma kuqhathaniswa nalawo asabalalisa uwoyela negesi yemvelo kubasebenzisi/imakethe.Izintambo zokudlulisela ziphakathi kwezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zamapayipi.Ahlanganisa inethiwekhi yemigqa esabalalisa igesi yemvelo namafutha emingceleni.Izintambo zikawoyela negesi zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokusabalalisa uwoyela negesi kubasebenzisi bokugcina, okuyisizathu esenza ukuthi bahambe amabanga amade uma kuqhathaniswa.Ngokuphawulekayo, uhulumeni ulawula kakhulu izintambo zokuthutha ngenxa yokuthi basabalalisa uwoyela negesi emingceleni yangaphakathi neyangaphandle.Amapayipi okusabalalisa, njengoba negama lisho, anesibopho sokusatshalaliswa kukawoyela negesi kubasebenzisi.Ezimweni eziningi, la mapayipi aphethwe futhi aphethwe izinkampani ezisabalalisa ezidayisa uwoyela negesi kubathengi bokugcina.Abathengi bokugcina bahlanganisa amabhizinisi, amakhaya kanye nezimboni ezincike ezinhlotsheni zamandla (Miesner & Leffler, 2006).Amapayipi okusabalalisa ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngoba agxile ekunikezeni amakhasimende ezindaweni ezahlukene.
Ukusetshenziswa Nokubaluleka Kwamapayipi Amafutha Negesi
Ukubaluleka kwamapayipi angeke kubukelwe phansi uma kubhekwa iqhaza elibalulekile legesi nowoyela ekuqhubeni umnotho.Uwoyela negesi yimithombo ebalulekile yamandla ezimbonini, okusho ukuthi yeseka ukuqhutshwa komnotho.Ukusetshenziswa okuyisisekelo kwamapayipi maqondana nokusatshalaliswa kukawoyela negesi kubasebenzisi bokugcina.Kuyindlela elula kakhulu, esebenza kahle futhi ephephile yokuthutha amanani amakhulu kawoyela negesi esuka ezikhungweni zokukhiqiza, iye ezindaweni zokuhluza kanye nabathengi bokugcina (Miesner & Leffler, 2006).Ukubaluleka kwamapayipi kuyisici sokusetshenziswa kwawo ekusabalaliseni amapayipi kawoyela negesi.Okokuqala nje, amapayipi kawoyela negesi aye abonakala eyindlela ephephile yokuthutha uwoyela negesi.Atholakala ngaphansi kwemigwaqo, enqamula izakhiwo, nezinkundla kodwa asithinti izinga lempilo yabahlali.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanganisa kwabo okubanzi kusiza ekweluleni ukufinyelela kumandla kuyo yonke imiphakathi ngaphandle kokubheka indawo abakuyo.Ngakho-ke, zibalulekile esizukulwaneni samandla, okuyisici esibalulekile sokusinda kwesintu.Ngaphandle kwamandla, kungaba nzima ukuthi amazwe asekele izakhamizi zawo ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezimpahla nezinsiza ezibalulekile.Okunye okubalulekile kwamapayipi kawoyela negesi ukuthi athuthukisa ukusetshenziswa ngokuphelele kwemithombo yemvelo ezweni.Amapayipi asiza ukuthuthwa kukawoyela ongahluziwe negesi yemvelo ukusuka emithonjeni yawo kuya ezindaweni zokuhluzwa.Ngakho-ke, izwe lingakwazi ukusizakala ngokuba khona kwegesi yemvelo namafutha ngisho nasezindaweni zasemaphandleni ngenxa yokuba lula kwezokuthutha.Imisebenzi yokuhlola uwoyela ezindaweni zasemakhaya ibingeke ibe khona ngaphandle kokuba khona kwamapayipi.Bese kulandela ukuthi amapayipi anomthelela ekukhiqizweni kwayo yonke imikhiqizo kaphethiloli kuwoyela ongahluziwe okhishwa emithonjeni.Amapayipi kawoyela negesi aye asiza namazwe angenayo imithombo eyanele kawoyela negesi.Kungenzeka ukuthutha uwoyela negesi ukusuka kwelinye izwe kuye kwelinye kusetshenziswa amapayipi.Ngakho-ke, amazwe angenayo imithombo kawoyela noma izindawo zokuhluza asengasebenzisa imikhiqizo ye-petroleum, uwoyela negesi njengomthombo wawo oyinhloko wamandla (Miesner & Leffler, 2006).Ziqukethe inethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yemigqa yokusabalalisa esiza ekukhonzeni imiphakathi engenayo imithombo yemvelo eyanele yamandla.Ngokungangabazeki, ukuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke kuncike kakhulu ekubeni khona kobuchwepheshe bepayipi.Ukutholakala kukaphethiloli ngaphesheya komgwaqo, igesi yokupheka, uphethiloli wejethi nezinjini zezimboni kuyimiphumela yokutshalwa kwezimali kubuchwepheshe bepayipi.Uxhaxha olubanzi lwamapayipi e-United States nakwamanye amazwe luyinkomba yokubaluleka kwawo ekusekeleni impilo nemisebenzi yezomnotho.Uwoyela negesi, njengoba kushiwo ngu-Miesner & Leffler (2006), yizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zokukhiqiza ezimbonini zezizwe, okusho ukuthi kuyindlela entsha yokuhleleka kokuncintisana.Izinkampani ezinokufinyelela okwanele ezinhlotsheni zamandla kungenzeka zibe nokuncintisana kakhulu, okufakazela ubukhona nokubaluleka kwenethiwekhi yamapayipi nangaphezulu.Ukubaluleka kwamapayipi kawoyela negesi nakho kuqiniswa ukwehluleka kanye nokungasebenzi kwezinye izinhlobo zokuthutha uwoyela negesi yemvelo.Isibonelo, akwenzeki ukuthutha amanani amakhulu kawoyela negesi kusetshenziswa amaloli nojantshi ngenxa yezindleko ezihambisanayo.Ukwengeza, amapayipi awalimazi ezinye izinhlobo zengqalasizinda njengemigwaqo, okusho ukuthi iyindlela yokuthutha eyongayo futhi ezimele.
Izinto Ezisetshenziswa Emapayipini Kawoyela Negesi
Amapayipi angacatshangwa njengengxenye yempilo yethu ngoba angaphansi kwezakhiwo nemigwaqo yethu.Ngakho-ke, ukuphepha kwamapayipi kubaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwawo nasebunjiniyela.Insimbi yinto eyinhloko esetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwamapayipi kawoyela negesi.Isizathu esiyinhloko sokusetshenziswa kwensimbi yizici zayo zokuqina, i-ductility kanye ne-weldability (Kiefner & Trench, 2001).Ukuqina kuyasiza ekumelaneni nokuqhekeka, okungaholela ekuvuzeni.Ngakho-ke, insimbi isiza amapayipi ukuthi imelane nokucindezela komthwalo, ukushisa kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngoba imelana nokuqhekeka.Kodwa-ke, insimbi engagqwali ayiyona into ephumelelayo ekwakhiweni kwamapayipi, nakuba iphumelela kakhulu mayelana nezici ezishiwo ngenhla.Insimbi enekhabhoni ephansi, ngokusho kwe-Kiefner & Trench (2001), iwuhlobo lwensimbi olungabizi kakhulu olunophawu lwamandla kanye ne-ductility edingekayo kumapayipi.Ezinye izinsimbi ezifana nensimbi azinamandla kangako futhi zingaholela ekuqhekekeni nasekuqhekekeni.Ngakho-ke, insimbi enekhabhoni ephansi iyona nto esebenza ngempumelelo kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwamapayipi ngoba ivimbela ukuphuka, okungaholela ekuchithekeni kukawoyela negesi.Esinye isizathu sokusetshenziswa kwensimbi ekwakhiweni kwamapayipi amandla awo okumelana namazinga okushisa aguqukayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.Insimbi ayishintshi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okusho ukuthi iyona ephumelela kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni ekwakhiweni kwezinto ezivezwa izimo zezulu ezahlukahlukene.Amandla aqinile ensimbi enekhabhoni ephansi ahlala engashintshile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okusho ukuthi iyona engcono kakhulu ukuthi isetshenziswe ekuthuthukisweni kwengqalasizinda yesikhathi eside (Kiefner & Trench, 2001).Ukwakhiwa kwamapayipi kuwutshalomali olubizayo, okusho isidingo sokubhekana nakho ngombono wesikhathi eside.Ngakho-ke, insimbi enekhabhoni ephansi iyona engcono kakhulu engasetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwamapayipi ngoba isiza ekwehliseni isidingo sokulungiswa njalo.Insimbi enekhabhoni ephansi, esetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwamapayipi kawoyela negesi, inezinkinga zayo.Isekela i-oxidation lapho kukhona umoya, inhlabathi namanzi (Kiefner & Trench, 2001).I-oxidation iholela ekugqwaleni, okungase kwehlise izinga likawoyela negesi ngaphansi kokuthuthwa.Ngakho-ke, insimbi ye-lowcarbon kufanele imbozwe ngezingubo ezivimbela ukukhishwa kwe-oxidation njengoba amapayipi, ezimweni eziningi, agqitshwa ngaphansi kwenhlabathi, ebuye isekele i-oxidation.Ngakho-ke, izinto ezisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwepayipi likawoyela negesi kumele zihlangabezane nezidingo zamandla (ikhono lokumelana nengcindezi ekulayisheni nasekulayisheni), i-ductility (ikhono lokumelana nobunzima ngokuhamba kwesikhathi noma amandla aqinile), kanye nekhono lokumelana noshintsho. , imifantu kanye nokuphuka.
Izindlela Zokugwema Ukugqwala
Ukugqwala kukhonjwe njengenselelo enkulu ethinta ukusebenza kahle kwamapayipi kawoyela negesi.Ububi bokugqwala bukhomba isidingo sokusungula izindlela zokunqoba usongo, ikakhulukazi ukuvimbela ukwenzeka kwezingozi ezibangelwa ukuvuza nokuphuka.Insimbi enekhabhoni ephansi iye yahlotshaniswa nokuba sengozini kwe-oxidation lapho kukhona ama-electrolyte, amanzi kanye ne-carbon dioxide.Ukugqwala kwangaphandle nakho kuyisici sokuxhumana nenhlabathi, ebuye isekele i-oxidation.Ngakho-ke, enye yezindlela eziyisisekelo zokulawula ukugqwala kwangaphandle ngokusebenzisa ukumboza nokuvikela i-cathodic (Baker, 2008).Ukuvikelwa kwe-Cathodic ukusetshenziswa kwamanje epayipini ukuphazamisa ukuhamba kwama-electron ukusuka ku-anode kuya ku-cathode.Idala inkambu ye-cathodic phezu kwepayipi, okusho ukuthi ama-anode endaweni eveziwe awasebenzi.Ipayipi lisebenza njenge-cathode, okusho ukuntuleka kokunyakaza kwama-electron.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvikelwa kwe-cathodic kuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwamadiphozithi avikela insimbi ngoba ayi-alkaline ngokwemvelo.U-Baker (2008) uphakamisa izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuvikela i-cathodic.Indlela yokuvikela i-anode yomhlatshelo ihlanganisa ukuxhuma ipayipi ngensimbi yangaphandle enomsebenzi ophakeme kakhulu kunensimbi.Insimbi ibe isibekwa kude nepayipi kodwa ngaphakathi kwe-electrolyte (inhlabathi).Umphumela uba ukuthi i-current izogeleza ensimbi njengoba isabela ngaphezu kwensimbi.Ngakho-ke, insimbi yomhlatshelo ithola ukugqwala ngaleyo ndlela ivikele ipayipi likawoyela negesi ekugqwaleni.Indlela ye-anode yamanje ehlaba umxhwele ihilela ukwethulwa kwamandla aqondile phakathi kwepayipi ne-anode.Inhloso ukuheha i-current kude nepayipi, evimbela ukugqwala.Ngakho-ke, ukuvikelwa kwe-cathodic kuhilela ukuphazamiseka kokuhamba kwamandla kusuka ku-anode kuya kumapayipi ngokusebenzisa i-electrolyte.Ukusetshenziswa nokusetshenziswa kwayo kuncike esimweni sohlelo lwamapayipi, kanye nezici zejoloji zendawo ecutshungulwayo (Baker, 2008).Nokho, le ndlela ayikwazi ukusebenza iyodwa ngoba kungabiza kakhulu ukufanisa umsinga odingekayo kuwo wonke amapayipi.
Indlela Engcono Kakhulu Yokuhlola Ukugqwala
Ukugqwala kukhonjwe njengenselelo enkulu ethinta ukukhathazeka kokuphepha kobuchwepheshe bamapayipi e-United States.Ngakho-ke, ukuphathwa kwe-corrosion kufanele kube yinto ehamba phambili yabathintekayo embonini kawoyela negesi.Ukugxila noma inhloso yababambe iqhaza igxile ekuthuthukisweni kwamapayipi angangeni engozini, okungenzeka ikakhulukazi ngokulawula ukugqwala.Ngakho-ke, ababambiqhaza badinga ukutshala imali ekuqapheni okuqhubekayo kohlelo lwamapayipi ukuze kubonakale izindawo ezikhahlamezwe ukugqwala, kanye nalezo ezidinga isinyathelo sokuvikela.Ukuhlola kuyindlela esetshenziswa kakhulu yokuqapha ngoba kusiza ekuhlonzeni amaphutha ngaphakathi kohlelo.Kunezindlela ezahlukene ezisetshenziswa ekuhlolweni kwamapayipi kawoyela negesi, futhi ukukhetha kwawo kuncike esimweni nendawo yepayipi, kanye nezisusa zokuhlola.Indlela yokuvikela i-cathodic yokugwema ukugqwala nayo ingasetshenziswa lapho kuhlolwa.Isiza ochwepheshe ekuqoqeni idatha edingekayo ukuze kuhlolwe izinga lokugqwala kwepayipi, okusho ukuthi indlela isetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlolweni kokuqapha kwangaphandle.Idatha eqoqwe isikhathi eside isiza ekunqumeni izinga lokulimala kwepayipi, okuthonya ukuthuthukiswa kwesenzo sokulungisa.Ngokungangabazeki, ukuhlola kwangaphandle ukugqwala kulula ngoba kuncike ekubhekweni kwendawo engaphandle, kanye nokuqoqwa kwedatha kusetshenziswa indlela yokuvikela i-cathodic.Ama-Pipeline Inspection Gauge (PIGS lapha) amathuluzi afakwe ngaphakathi kwamapayipi kawoyela negesi ngosizo loketshezi olugelezayo.Ubuchwepheshe be-PIG kusukela ngaleso sikhathi bushintshe kakhulu ukuze bufake izici zobuhlakani ezisiza ekunqumeni kalula izindawo ezinephutha ngaphakathi kwamapayipi.Ubuhlakani bubheka ikhono lamasu okurekhoda idatha ngesimo samapayipi, kanye nokurekhoda idatha ezohlaziywa kamuva (Pistoia, 2009).Ubuchwepheshe busebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene, futhi buye banconywa ngokungabhubhisi.I-electro-magnetic form of PIGs ingenye yezindlela ezidumile zokuhlola.Kuyasiza ekuhlonzeni iziphambeko ngaphakathi kwamapayipi, kanye nemvelo yobunzima balezi zinkinga.Indlela yokuhlola ye-PIG iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi iyisibonelo sokukhula kokusetshenziswa kwezobuchwepheshe, ikakhulukazi ezindleleni zokuzwela ukukhubazeka ngaphakathi kwamapayipi.Indlela isetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ekuhlolweni kwamapayipi egesi ngoba amadivaysi awaphazamisi ukwakheka nezici zegesi.Ama-PIG asiza ekutholeni ukukhubazeka okujwayelekile kwamapayipi njengokukhathala kokugqwala kanye nama-dent phakathi kwamanye amaphutha.Ukukhathala kokugqwala kubhekisela ekwenyukeni kokonakala kwamakhono emishini ensimbi ngemva kokugqwala.Eqinisweni, abanye ababambiqhaza basebenzisa ukukhathala kokugqwala ukuze bahlole izinga lokugqwala.Isizathu siwukuthi ukugqwala kuwuhlobo lokuhlasela kwemishini, okungenzeka phambi kwama-catalysts afana ne-hydrogen sulphide.Ngakho-ke, ukunquma izinga lokuhlaselwa kwemishini kwensimbi, okufaka ukukhathala kokugqwala, kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokuhlola ukugqwala.Eqinisweni, onjiniyela beze namadivayisi asiza ekubaleni izinga lokukhathala kokugqwala.Ngakho-ke, ukulinganisa ukukhathala kokugqwala kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokuhlola izinga lokugqwala kwamapayipi kawoyela negesi.Le ndlela isebenza kukho kokubili ukuhlolwa kwangaphandle nangaphakathi kokugqwala ngenxa yokwakheka kwayo kwe-elekthronikhi nesakhiwo.Indlela ithola amaphutha ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwepayipi isebenzisa ukujiya kodonga oluyinsalela olubangelwa ukugqwala.Inzuzo yale ndlela ukuthi yenza kube lula ukuhlola ukugqwala endaweni engaphandle nengaphakathi yamapayipi kawoyela negesi.Le ndlela yokuhlola ithole ukuthandwa esikhathini esidlule ngenxa yezindleko zayo, ukwethembeka kanye nesivinini.Kodwa-ke, kuhlotshaniswe nomkhawulo wokungathembeki uma kuvezwe umsindo.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusho kukaDai et al.(2007), indlela ithintwa ukuthungwa kwepayipi, ikakhulukazi ukukhahlamezeka kodonga.
ISIPHETHO
Sengiphetha, ukugqwala kuyindaba evelayo edinga ukunakwa okuphuthumayo ngokuthuthukiswa kwemiklamo emisha nezindlela zokuvimbela nokulawula.Imiphumela yokugqwala ibonakale iwusongo ekusimameni nasekusebenzeni kahle kwamapayipi ekusatshalalisweni kukawoyela negesi kusuka ezikhungweni zokukhiqiza kuya kubasebenzisi.Uwoyela negesi kubalulekileimithombo yamandla e-United States nasemhlabeni, okubonisa isidingo sokutshala imali kumasu asebenzayo nezindlela zokusabalalisa.Ukuntuleka kwezindlela ezisebenzayo zokusabalalisa uwoyela negesi ngeke nje kuphela kube inselele ukuzibandakanya emisebenzini ekhiqizayo kodwa futhi kusongela ukuphila ngenxa yokwanda kwamathuba ezingozi.Ukugqwala kuholela ekunciphiseni komshini amandla amapayipi kawoyela negesi, okuholela ekuvuzeni nezinye izinkinga.Ukuvuza kuyingozi ngoba kubeka abantu engcupheni yokuqhuma nemililo, kanye nokulimaza indawo ezungezile.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwanda kwezingozi ezihlobene nokugqwala kwamapayipi kawoyela negesi kunciphisa ukuthembela komphakathi ohlelweni ngoba lubekela inselele izici zokuphepha ezisheshayo zamapayipi.Izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuvikela ezibekwe ukuze kulawuleke ukugqwala emapayipini kawoyela negesi agxile ezintweni zensimbi enekhabhoni ephansi, okuyiyona nto eyinhloko esetshenziswa ekwakhiweni nasekwakheni amapayipi.Njengoba sekushiwo ephepheni, kunesidingo sokuthi kutshalwe imali ezindleleni zokubona nokuhlola ukugqwala kwamapayipi ngoba yisisekelo sokuvikela nokulawula.Ubuchwepheshe bunikeze amathuba angenamkhawulo okuzuza okufanayo, kodwa kunesidingo sokutshala imali eyengeziwe ekutholeni izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokuthola, ukuvimbela kanye nokulawula ukugqwala, okuzokwenza ngcono imiphumela ehambisanayo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-03-2019